Romeo and Juliet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. An 1. 87. 0 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting the play's famous balcony scene. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star- crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most frequently performed plays. Today, the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers. Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity. The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1. Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1. Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both, but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters, particularly Mercutio and Paris. Believed to have been written between 1. The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality, however, and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare's original. Shakespeare's use of his poetic dramatic structure (especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension, his expansion of minor characters, and his use of sub- plots to embellish the story) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill. The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters, sometimes changing the form as the character develops. Romeo, for example, grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play. Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical and opera venues. During the English Restoration, it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant.
Shakespeare's famous play is updated to the hip modern suburb of Verona still retaining its original dialogue. William Shakespeare (play). In CliffsNotes on Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. In CliffsNotes on Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, you explore Shakespeare's. William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet: Music from the Motion Picture, Volume 2. Capitol, 1997, Komponisten und Produzenten: Nellee Hooper, Craig Armstrong und Marius. David Garrick's 1. Georg Benda's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action, and added a happy ending. Performances in the 1. Charlotte Cushman's, restored the original text, and focused on greater realism. John Gielgud's 1. Shakespeare's text, and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama. In the 2. 0th and into the 2. George Cukor's 1. Romeo and Juliet, Franco Zeffirelli's 1. Romeo and Juliet, and Baz Luhrmann's 1. MTV- inspired Romeo + Juliet. Characters. Ruling house of Verona. House of Capulet. Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet. Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet. Juliet is the 1. 3- year- old daughter of Capulet, the play's female protagonist. Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet, the nephew of Lady Capulet. The Nurse is Juliet's personal attendant and confidante. Rosaline is Lord Capulet's niece, Romeo's love in the beginning of the story. Peter, Sampson and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household. House of Montague. Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague. Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague. Romeo is the son of Montague, the play's male protagonist. Benvolio is Romeo's cousin and best friend. Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household. Others. Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo's confidant. Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence's letter to Romeo. An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison. A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts. Synopsis. The play, set in Verona, Italy, begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who, like their masters, are sworn enemies. Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death. Later, Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet, but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball. Lady Capulet and Juliet's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris's courtship. Meanwhile, Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo, Montague's son, about Romeo's recent depression. Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline, one of Capulet's nieces. Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio, Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline. However, Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet. Juliet's cousin, Tybalt, is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball, but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet's father, who doesn't wish to shed blood in his house. After the ball, in what is now called the . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married. With the help of Friar Laurence, who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children's union, they are secretly married the next day. L. Oil on canvas, 1. Tybalt, meanwhile, still incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the Capulet ball, challenges him to a duel. Romeo, now considering Tybalt his kinsman, refuses to fight. Mercutio is offended by Tybalt's insolence, as well as Romeo's . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight. Grief- stricken and wracked with guilt, Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt. Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio. The Prince, now having lost a kinsman in the warring families' feud, exiles Romeo from Verona, under penalty of death if he ever returns. Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet's chamber, where they consummate their marriage. Capulet, misinterpreting Juliet's grief, agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris's . On the night before the wedding, she takes the drug and, when discovered apparently dead, she is laid in the family crypt. The messenger, however, does not reach Romeo and, instead, Romeo learns of Juliet's apparent death from his servant Balthasar. Heartbroken, Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt. He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately. Believing Romeo to be a vandal, Paris confronts him and, in the ensuing battle, Romeo kills Paris. Still believing Juliet to be dead, he drinks the poison. Juliet then awakens and, finding Romeo dead, stabs herself with his dagger. The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead. Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two . The families are reconciled by their children's deaths and agree to end their violent feud. The play ends with the Prince's elegy for the lovers: . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe, from Ovid's Metamorphoses, which contains parallels to Shakespeare's story: the lovers' parents despise each other, and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead. History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona, but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family, both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona. His version of the story includes the secret marriage, the colluding friar, the fray where a prominent citizen is killed, Mariotto's exile, Gianozza's forced marriage, the potion plot, and the crucial message that goes astray. In this version, Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief. The next morning, the Savorgnans led an attack on the city, and many members of the Strumieri were murdered. When years later, half- paralyzed from a battle- wound, he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino (from where he could see the . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story: the feuding families, Romeo - left by his mistress- meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house, the love scenes (including the balcony scene), the periods of despair, Romeo killing Giulietta's cousin (Tebaldo), and the families' reconciliation after the lovers' suicides. Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot, while leaving the storyline basically unchanged (though he did introduce Benvolio). Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment, and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts. Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity: The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, All's Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle. Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke's translation, and Shakespeare follows the poem closely, but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters (in particular the Nurse and Mercutio). Juliet's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 1. These are referred to as Q1 and Q2. The first printed edition, Q1, appeared in early 1. John Danter. Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions, it is labelled a 'bad quarto'; the 2. T. Spencer described it as . It was printed in 1. Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby. Q2 is about 8. 00 lines longer than Q1. Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare's pre- performance draft (called his foul papers), since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and . It is a much more complete and reliable text, and was reprinted in 1. Q3), 1. 62. 2 (Q4) and 1. Q5). Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1. This tradition continued late into the Romantic period. Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today, printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play. Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil, but instead are more or less alike. None of these have widespread support. However, even if an overall theme cannot be found it is clear that the play is full of several small, thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways. Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below. Since it is such an obvious subject of the play, several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play. By using metaphors of saints and sins, Romeo was able to test Juliet's feelings for him in a non- threatening way.
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